overview of the causes and effects of climate change

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Australia’s climate is changing. A number of changes have been observed over the past century, including increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, rising sea levels, long-term sustained reductions in snow and ice cover, as well as changes in atmospheric and ocean circulation patterns and regional weather patterns, which affect seasonal rainfall patterns.

Adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere causes the climate system to receive extra heat. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), agriculture, and land clearing, are primarily responsible for the additional greenhouse gases. The pattern of observed changes in the climate system correlates with the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere caused by these activities. Observed changes cannot be explained by other climatic influences such as volcanoes, the sun, or natural variability.

Climate change causes and effects

Throughout the world, extensive scientific research has been conducted and reported that confirms climate change. We collect climate information from observations and measurements of our environment, including air trapped in ice thousands of years ago that has trapped air for thousands of years. In order to understand the causes of climate change and to project its future changes, climate models are used.

A number of climate change impacts pose risks to human and natural systems, including more frequent and severe heat waves, coastal inundation as a result of sea level rise, disruptions to rainfall patterns, and others. According to analyses of climate scenarios, reducing greenhouse gas emissions to the point where they no longer accumulate in the atmosphere can significantly mitigate the most severe risks of climate change.

Effects of greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases absorb and re-radiate solar energy during the day. They are responsible for warming the Earth’s surface.

Some artificial chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), are greenhouse gases, as well as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

By absorbing energy, the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth remain warmer for a longer period of time, allowing life to exist on the planet.

An increase in greenhouse gas emissions

In the present day, human activities – namely burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), agriculture, and land clearing – are increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. In turn, this contributes to the warming of the planet by increasing the greenhouse effect.

Effects of greenhouse gases

In Step 1, solar radiation reaches the Earth’s atmosphere – some of it is reflected back into space.

The rest of the sun’s energy is absorbed by the land and oceans, heating the planet.

From Earth, heat radiates into space.

Keeping the Earth warm enough to sustain life, greenhouse gases trap some of this radiative heat.

The emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere are increased by human activities such as burning fossil fuels, farming, and land clearing.

As a result of this process, the Earth’s temperature is rising, along with other effects such as ocean acidification.

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The climate system is changing, as evidenced by multiple lines of evidence”

Australia is already experiencing the impacts of a changing climate, particularly changes associated with a rise in temperature, a rise in heatwave frequency and intensity, hazardous fire weather conditions, and drought. According to climate observations and projections, these changes are ongoing and long-term, and cannot be explained by natural variability (even though they interact with underlying natural variability).

Resources related to climate

With climate change science, communities can better understand and plan for climate change impacts, thus reducing the cost of climate change impacts for society and increasing community resilience. Scientists in Australia are at the forefront of global efforts to understand climate change science. Australia is a leading country in climate change research in the southern hemisphere and has a unique interest in it.

Government agencies, such as the CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology, as well as university research groups and cooperative research centers, provide climate change science to the Australian Government. Because of the rigorous peer-review process during which other scientists check the results of the research, climate change science from these sources is reliable and quality assured.

Research that has been peer-reviewed

Scientists evaluate the work of other scientists during the peer-review process. By ensuring that the work is rigorous, coherent, utilizes past research, and adds to our knowledge, it provides a mechanism to quality control scientific discourse and peer-reviewed papers. Therefore, peer-reviewed climate change science provides reliable and high-quality information.

It is important for scientists to go through a peer review process before publishing in scientific journals, conference proceedings, or applying for grants. Most peer review processes are ‘blind’. This ensures that evaluations are independent by ensuring the authors do not know the identity of the reviewers.

Every five to six years, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) evaluates peer-reviewed climate change literature and publishes Assessment Reports based on its findings. A peer-review process involving hundreds of scientists and government reviewers takes place on the IPCC reports themselves. It is one of the most scrutinised scientific documents in history due to its unprecedented level of peer and government review.

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